ART AND ALGORITHMS. BEFORE (AND AFTER) MACHINES TOOK OVER
Before machines took over, many issues were resolved following an algorithmic principle with some logic and a little math. The originator of the idea was a Persian mathematician in the eleventh century. Later, the procedure became essential for science, everyday life and art. Basically, the algorithmic methods are in the patterns of Islamic art (see tessellation notation), in the Andean chakana and quipus of the Inca period, in the Renaissance perspective and in other representational devices of the pre-digital era.

At the dawn of computing, links between weaving and algorithmic programming are gathered, as in the punched card loom conceived in 1801 by French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard and the Analytical Engine developed in 1837 by the British mathematician Charles Baggbage. The latter could do “anything that we know how to order him to do”, according to the British mathematician and writer Ada Lovalace.
So the algorithms were not invented by the operators of the social networks, nor was their intention to control anyone's messages, but rather to sequence the search processes in an organized way. Its principle is in the ability to execute a specific task autonomously, quickly and efficiently. This logic has found fertile ground in various contemporary creative practices, including Generative Art, based on a system of instructions to be executed.
If we stick to the above definition, the concept of Generative Art sounds like something made by automatons and devoid of a soul. However, it is quite the opposite. The programming of this type of art is entirely human, as are its results and connotations. Another different thing are the purposes —aesthetic or not— of the operator and the technical devices (software, hardware, etc.) used for the operation of the generative proposal. As an example of this dilemma, it is enough to remember that the German programmers of the 3D mapping software Terravision (1993) implemented by Art+Com, conceived the idea as part of an artistic project; while the use of a similar resource by Google Earth (2001) has a strictly practical purpose as a "geographic information system", unrelated to any aesthetic implication.
Currently, Generative Art is related to various modalities such as Systems Art, Algorithm Art, Computer Art, BioArt and Net Art. Their common factor is the use of a protocol of instructions for the carrying out tasks or actions, executed autonomously. In other words, the basis of everything is programming and what is appreciated as a work are the effects derived from a package of previous instructions.
This procedure can also include random variables that allow "free" or unexpected combinations, as can be seen in the work The poetic Clock 2.0 (2000) by Yucef Merhi, designed to generate 86,400 daily variations of the same poem from a finite number of words whose disposition changes for seconds, minutes and hours.
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Hans Haacke. News, 1969-1970. Installation, RSS newsfeed, paper, and printer. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, 2012.
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Hans Haacke. News, 1969-1970. Installation, RSS newsfeed, paper, and printer. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, 2012.
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John Baldessari. Assignment Sheets, 1970 (detail).
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John Baldessari. Stills from the video “I will not make any more boring art”, 1971. Source linneawest.com.
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Waldemar Cordeiro. A Mulher que Não É BB [The Woman Who Is Not BB], 1973. Offset. Banco Itaú Collection. Photo by Edouard Fraipont.
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Waldemar Cordeiro. A Mulher que Não É BB [The Woman Who Is Not BB], 1973 Offset. Banco Itaú Collection. Photo by Edouard Fraipont (detail).
It is important to reiterate that the field of Generative Art is vast and its products are not homogeneous. It does not obey a single aesthetic and the use of machines is not mandatory. In fact, within its jurisdiction are the statistical art of Hans Haacke, the art of instructions by John Baldesary, the computerized propositions of the concretist Waldemar de Cordeiro, the mural diagrams of Sol Lewitt, the works with attari of Yucef Merhi, the graphs by Rodolfo Peraza based on the traffic of information packets, bioelectronic organisms by Sofía Crespo and visual patterns made with algorithms based on demographic indicators, images, sounds and texts by José Luis García R., just to mention a few examples. All these proposals are the result of a systematic prescription that establishes the steps to follow for the execution of the work, which can be carried out by other people or by means of a device that carries out the planned tasks autonomously.
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Sol LeWitt. Wall Drawing #368, 1982-2016. Color inks and India ink, dimensions variable. Photo Steven Probert. © Estate of Sol LeWitt-Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Source artforum.com.
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Sol LeWitt. Wall Drawing #368, 1982-2016. Color inks and India ink, dimensions variable. Photo Steven Probert. © Estate of Sol LeWitt-Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Source artforum.com.
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Yucef Merhi. Super Atari Poetry, 2005. 3 Atari 2600, Atari cartridges, joysticks, TVs.
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Rodolfo Peraza. PILGRAM 2.0. NAKED LINK. WAVEMAKERS GRANTS, 2016. 14 Digital Prints, Giclee on cotton paper. Source artcodespace.com (detail).
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Sofía Crespo. Neural Zoo, 2018. Convolutional Neural Networks. Digital Acrylic Print.
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Jose Luis Garcia R. Slideshow 2008-2018. Presentation of 1024 pattern snippets in HD resolution (1920 x 1080 pixels) with a duration of 8 seconds each, for a total of 2 hours 16 minutes.
Seen from the present, Generative Art produces much more than polyhedral variations, linear progressions and dot patterns. Texts, complex images, sounds, movements and even living organisms can be programmed. All this from robotics, artificial intelligence, biogenetics, among other disciplines. In most cases, none of these components are visible to the observer who only appreciates what happens before his eyes and not the matrix that generates it. Some say that the creative is in the programming and not in the results. But the crucial question is to discern the thin line that separates technological experiments and artistic creation. At this point, it is worth heeding the warning of Sol Lewitt —an "analog" artist of the 20th century— in his influential writing Sentences for the Conceptual Art (1967): “The idea is the generating machine of art”.
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Although traditional art collecting includes an investment component and a business perspective, it still invokes a sort of romanticism aura that builds around an artist. A classic collector tends to follow an artist's trajectory, supporting his work. The new wave of NFT collectors stand out for not belonging to traditional art environments. Most of them are young aged and have never set foot in a museum or gallery, and therefore prioritize the finance aspect to NFT collecting to the emotional one. Generally, they are folks whose field of expertise is related to fin tech – they come from and drive the crypto world. And yes, they are mainly men.
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Although traditional art collecting includes an investment component and a business perspective, it still invokes a sort of romanticism aura that builds around an artist. A classic collector tends to follow an artist's trajectory, supporting his work. The new wave of NFT collectors stand out for not belonging to traditional art environments. Most of them are young aged and have never set foot in a museum or gallery, and therefore prioritize the finance aspect to NFT collecting to the emotional one. Generally, they are folks whose field of expertise is related to fin tech – they come from and drive the crypto world. And yes, they are mainly men.

I ask myself what it means to be Al día (up to date) with art, when it has already been decreed that we live in posthistory and that the present is now postpresent. The question I propose is not theoretical, but of a practical nature, since many decisions depend on its answer: which exhibitions to visit? what works to see? which artists to recommend? With these initial questions come others, also important, although not easy to answer: how much information is needed to be up to date? where can you get up-to-date information? Who has the news of the day?
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In 2010, the American singer, actress and producer Lady Gaga (New York, 1986) scandalized the audience at the MTV Awards by appearing at the gala in a dress made of beef, designed by Franc Fernández and styled by Nicola Formichetti. The press at the time reviewed the controversy triggered by the extravagant outfit, which for some was offensive and for others a declaration of creative freedom.
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In 2010, the American singer, actress and producer Lady Gaga (New York, 1986) scandalized the audience at the MTV Awards by appearing at the gala in a dress made of beef, designed by Franc Fernández and styled by Nicola Formichetti. The press at the time reviewed the controversy triggered by the extravagant outfit, which for some was offensive and for others a declaration of creative freedom.

Regarding Artist in Residence, an exhibition by Fernando “Coco” Bedoya (Borja, 1952), at the Instituto Cultural Peruano Norteamericano (ICPNA) in Miraflores, Lima, Peru. Curated by Max Hernández Calvo, the exhibition is open until June 4, 2022.
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Regarding Artist in Residence, an exhibition by Fernando “Coco” Bedoya (Borja, 1952), at the Instituto Cultural Peruano Norteamericano (ICPNA) in Miraflores, Lima, Peru. Curated by Max Hernández Calvo, the exhibition is open until June 4, 2022.

Collectors, investors and artists are fascinated by the promising profitability of NFTs. The phenomenon exploded with the succulent sale of a digital work by Beeple (Mike Winkelmann) in 2021 and since then it has generated a chain reaction whose consequences are still not entirely clear.
NFT, BLOCKCHAIN AND CRYPTOART: CHAIN REACTION
Collectors, investors and artists are fascinated by the promising profitability of NFTs. The phenomenon exploded with the succulent sale of a digital work by Beeple (Mike Winkelmann) in 2021 and since then it has generated a chain reaction whose consequences are still not entirely clear.

A few decades ago, the art utopia consisted of incorporating the viewer into the work, either physically or sensorially. Frank Popper called these practices with the term "participation art".
FROM PARTICIPATION TO IMMERSION
A few decades ago, the art utopia consisted of incorporating the viewer into the work, either physically or sensorially. Frank Popper called these practices with the term "participation art".

Another Space announces Elsewhere(s), an exploration of otherworldliness. Cocurated by Estrellita B. Brodsky and José Falconi, the exhibition brings together works by over 25 artists from Latin America and its diaspora, from the 9th Century BCE to the present. Grouped around themes of cosmology, magic, and non-Western forms of knowledge, Elsewhere(s) seeks to reflect on the traditional role of artists and their potential to envision alternative societies as utopian or reclaimed territories.
ELSEWHERE(S): OTHER WORLDS, OTHER TIMES, OTHER TERRITORIES
Another Space announces Elsewhere(s), an exploration of otherworldliness. Cocurated by Estrellita B. Brodsky and José Falconi, the exhibition brings together works by over 25 artists from Latin America and its diaspora, from the 9th Century BCE to the present. Grouped around themes of cosmology, magic, and non-Western forms of knowledge, Elsewhere(s) seeks to reflect on the traditional role of artists and their potential to envision alternative societies as utopian or reclaimed territories.

As a conceptual artist working in the crossroads of art, science, and technology, with a corporate past and a social communications baseline, I am deeply interested in the new digital ecosystem raised by blockchain technology, NFTs and the Metaverse, from a perspective that addresses this realm as a sociological phenomenon, as a new business field, and as another one of the many mediums I utilize to express my ideas.
NFTS AND METAVERSE: A CUBIST VIEW ON THE NEW DIGITAL ECOSYSTEM (PART 1)
As a conceptual artist working in the crossroads of art, science, and technology, with a corporate past and a social communications baseline, I am deeply interested in the new digital ecosystem raised by blockchain technology, NFTs and the Metaverse, from a perspective that addresses this realm as a sociological phenomenon, as a new business field, and as another one of the many mediums I utilize to express my ideas.

Although traditional art collecting includes an investment component and a business perspective, it still invokes a sort of romanticism aura that builds around an artist. A classic collector tends to follow an artist's trajectory, supporting his work. The new wave of NFT collectors stand out for not belonging to traditional art environments. Most of them are young aged and have never set foot in a museum or gallery, and therefore prioritize the finance aspect to NFT collecting to the emotional one. Generally, they are folks whose field of expertise is related to fin tech – they come from and drive the crypto world. And yes, they are mainly men.
NFTS AND METAVERSE: COLLECTORS OR INVESTORS? (PART II)
Although traditional art collecting includes an investment component and a business perspective, it still invokes a sort of romanticism aura that builds around an artist. A classic collector tends to follow an artist's trajectory, supporting his work. The new wave of NFT collectors stand out for not belonging to traditional art environments. Most of them are young aged and have never set foot in a museum or gallery, and therefore prioritize the finance aspect to NFT collecting to the emotional one. Generally, they are folks whose field of expertise is related to fin tech – they come from and drive the crypto world. And yes, they are mainly men.

I ask myself what it means to be Al día (up to date) with art, when it has already been decreed that we live in posthistory and that the present is now postpresent. The question I propose is not theoretical, but of a practical nature, since many decisions depend on its answer: which exhibitions to visit? what works to see? which artists to recommend? With these initial questions come others, also important, although not easy to answer: how much information is needed to be up to date? where can you get up-to-date information? Who has the news of the day?
AL DÍA (WITH ART)
I ask myself what it means to be Al día (up to date) with art, when it has already been decreed that we live in posthistory and that the present is now postpresent. The question I propose is not theoretical, but of a practical nature, since many decisions depend on its answer: which exhibitions to visit? what works to see? which artists to recommend? With these initial questions come others, also important, although not easy to answer: how much information is needed to be up to date? where can you get up-to-date information? Who has the news of the day?

In 2010, the American singer, actress and producer Lady Gaga (New York, 1986) scandalized the audience at the MTV Awards by appearing at the gala in a dress made of beef, designed by Franc Fernández and styled by Nicola Formichetti. The press at the time reviewed the controversy triggered by the extravagant outfit, which for some was offensive and for others a declaration of creative freedom.
MEAT: NOTES ON SACRIFICE, POWER AND DESIRE
In 2010, the American singer, actress and producer Lady Gaga (New York, 1986) scandalized the audience at the MTV Awards by appearing at the gala in a dress made of beef, designed by Franc Fernández and styled by Nicola Formichetti. The press at the time reviewed the controversy triggered by the extravagant outfit, which for some was offensive and for others a declaration of creative freedom.